diff --git a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Probing/FFProbeHelpers.cs b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Probing/FFProbeHelpers.cs
index 1fa90bb21..d0a76c4ca 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Probing/FFProbeHelpers.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Probing/FFProbeHelpers.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#nullable disable
-
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Globalization;
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                 throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(result));
             }
 
-            if (result.Format != null && result.Format.Tags != null)
+            if (result.Format?.Tags != null)
             {
                 result.Format.Tags = ConvertDictionaryToCaseInsensitive(result.Format.Tags);
             }
@@ -40,39 +38,17 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
             }
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Gets a string from an FFProbeResult tags dictionary.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="tags">The tags.</param>
-        /// <param name="key">The key.</param>
-        /// <returns>System.String.</returns>
-        public static string GetDictionaryValue(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> tags, string key)
-        {
-            if (tags == null)
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
-
-            tags.TryGetValue(key, out var val);
-            return val;
-        }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets an int from an FFProbeResult tags dictionary.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="tags">The tags.</param>
         /// <param name="key">The key.</param>
         /// <returns>System.Nullable{System.Int32}.</returns>
-        public static int? GetDictionaryNumericValue(Dictionary<string, string> tags, string key)
+        public static int? GetDictionaryNumericValue(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> tags, string key)
         {
-            var val = GetDictionaryValue(tags, key);
-
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(val))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue(key, out var val) && int.TryParse(val, out var i))
             {
-                if (int.TryParse(val, out var i))
-                {
-                    return i;
-                }
+                return i;
             }
 
             return null;
@@ -84,18 +60,12 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
         /// <param name="tags">The tags.</param>
         /// <param name="key">The key.</param>
         /// <returns>System.Nullable{DateTime}.</returns>
-        public static DateTime? GetDictionaryDateTime(Dictionary<string, string> tags, string key)
+        public static DateTime? GetDictionaryDateTime(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> tags, string key)
         {
-            var val = GetDictionaryValue(tags, key);
-
-            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(val))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue(key, out var val)
+                && DateTime.TryParse(val, DateTimeFormatInfo.CurrentInfo, DateTimeStyles.AssumeUniversal, out var dateTime))
             {
-                return null;
-            }
-
-            if (DateTime.TryParse(val, DateTimeFormatInfo.CurrentInfo, DateTimeStyles.AssumeUniversal, out var i))
-            {
-                return i.ToUniversalTime();
+                return dateTime.ToUniversalTime();
             }
 
             return null;
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Probing/ProbeResultNormalizer.cs b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Probing/ProbeResultNormalizer.cs
index bbff5daca..c50a577be 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Probing/ProbeResultNormalizer.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Probing/ProbeResultNormalizer.cs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Xml;
+using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Dto;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
@@ -80,68 +81,33 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
             var tags = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
             var tagStreamType = isAudio ? "audio" : "video";
 
-            if (data.Streams != null)
-            {
-                var tagStream = data.Streams.FirstOrDefault(i => string.Equals(i.CodecType, tagStreamType, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+            var tagStream = data.Streams?.FirstOrDefault(i => string.Equals(i.CodecType, tagStreamType, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
 
-                if (tagStream != null && tagStream.Tags != null)
+            if (tagStream?.Tags != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var (key, value) in tagStream.Tags)
                 {
-                    foreach (var pair in tagStream.Tags)
-                    {
-                        tags[pair.Key] = pair.Value;
-                    }
+                    tags[key] = value;
                 }
             }
 
-            if (data.Format != null && data.Format.Tags != null)
+            if (data.Format?.Tags != null)
             {
-                foreach (var pair in data.Format.Tags)
+                foreach (var (key, value) in data.Format.Tags)
                 {
-                    tags[pair.Key] = pair.Value;
+                    tags[key] = value;
                 }
             }
 
             FetchGenres(info, tags);
-            var overview = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "synopsis");
 
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(overview))
-            {
-                overview = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "description");
-            }
-
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(overview))
-            {
-                overview = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "desc");
-            }
-
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(overview))
-            {
-                info.Overview = overview;
-            }
-
-            var title = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "title");
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(title))
-            {
-                info.Name = title;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                title = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "title-eng");
-                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(title))
-                {
-                    info.Name = title;
-                }
-            }
-
-            var titleSort = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "titlesort");
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(titleSort))
-            {
-                info.ForcedSortName = titleSort;
-            }
+            info.Name = tags.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue("title", "title-eng");
+            info.ForcedSortName = tags.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue("sort_name", "title-sort", "titlesort");
+            info.Overview = tags.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue("synopsis", "description", "desc");
 
             info.IndexNumber = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryNumericValue(tags, "episode_sort");
             info.ParentIndexNumber = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryNumericValue(tags, "season_number");
-            info.ShowName = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "show_name");
+            info.ShowName = tags.GetValueOrDefault("show_name");
             info.ProductionYear = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryNumericValue(tags, "date");
 
             // Several different forms of retail/premiere date
@@ -153,32 +119,21 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                 FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryDateTime(tags, "date");
 
             // Set common metadata for music (audio) and music videos (video)
-            info.Album = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "album");
+            info.Album = tags.GetValueOrDefault("album");
 
-            var artists = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "artists");
-
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(artists))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("artists", out var artists) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(artists))
             {
-                info.Artists = SplitArtists(artists, new[] { '/', ';' }, false)
-                    .DistinctNames()
-                    .ToArray();
+                info.Artists = SplitDistinctArtists(artists, new[] { '/', ';' }, false).ToArray();
             }
             else
             {
-                var artist = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "artist");
-                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(artist))
-                {
-                    info.Artists = Array.Empty<string>();
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    info.Artists = SplitArtists(artist, _nameDelimiters, true)
-                        .DistinctNames()
-                        .ToArray();
-                }
+                var artist = tags.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue("artist");
+                info.Artists = artist == null
+                    ? Array.Empty<string>()
+                    : SplitDistinctArtists(artist, _nameDelimiters, true).ToArray();
             }
 
-            // If we don't have a ProductionYear try and get it from PremiereDate
+            // Guess ProductionYear from PremiereDate if missing
             if (!info.ProductionYear.HasValue && info.PremiereDate.HasValue)
             {
                 info.ProductionYear = info.PremiereDate.Value.Year;
@@ -198,10 +153,10 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
             {
                 FetchStudios(info, tags, "copyright");
 
-                var iTunEXTC = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "iTunEXTC");
-                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(iTunEXTC))
+                var iTunExtc = tags.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue("iTunEXTC");
+                if (iTunExtc != null)
                 {
-                    var parts = iTunEXTC.Split('|', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
+                    var parts = iTunExtc.Split('|', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
                     // Example
                     // mpaa|G|100|For crude humor
                     if (parts.Length > 1)
@@ -215,10 +170,10 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                     }
                 }
 
-                var itunesXml = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "iTunMOVI");
-                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(itunesXml))
+                var iTunXml = tags.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue("iTunMOVI");
+                if (iTunXml != null)
                 {
-                    FetchFromItunesInfo(itunesXml, info);
+                    FetchFromItunesInfo(iTunXml, info);
                 }
 
                 if (data.Format != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(data.Format.Duration))
@@ -235,8 +190,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
 
                 ExtractTimestamp(info);
 
-                var stereoMode = GetDictionaryValue(tags, "stereo_mode");
-                if (string.Equals(stereoMode, "left_right", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                if (tags.TryGetValue("stereo_mode", out var stereoMode) && string.Equals(stereoMode, "left_right", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                 {
                     info.Video3DFormat = Video3DFormat.FullSideBySide;
                 }
@@ -289,42 +243,36 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
             if (string.Equals(codec, "aac", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
                 || string.Equals(codec, "mp3", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                if (channelsValue <= 2)
+                switch (channelsValue)
                 {
-                    return 192000;
-                }
-
-                if (channelsValue >= 5)
-                {
-                    return 320000;
+                    case <= 2:
+                        return 192000;
+                    case >= 5:
+                        return 320000;
                 }
             }
 
             if (string.Equals(codec, "ac3", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
                 || string.Equals(codec, "eac3", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                if (channelsValue <= 2)
+                switch (channelsValue)
                 {
-                    return 192000;
-                }
-
-                if (channelsValue >= 5)
-                {
-                    return 640000;
+                    case <= 2:
+                        return 192000;
+                    case >= 5:
+                        return 640000;
                 }
             }
 
             if (string.Equals(codec, "flac", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
                 || string.Equals(codec, "alac", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                if (channelsValue <= 2)
+                switch (channelsValue)
                 {
-                    return 960000;
-                }
-
-                if (channelsValue >= 5)
-                {
-                    return 2880000;
+                    case <= 2:
+                        return 960000;
+                    case >= 5:
+                        return 2880000;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -854,7 +802,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                     || string.Equals(streamInfo.CodecType, "video", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
             {
                 var bps = GetBPSFromTags(streamInfo);
-                if (bps != null && bps > 0)
+                if (bps > 0)
                 {
                     stream.BitRate = bps;
                 }
@@ -923,6 +871,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
             }
 
             tags.TryGetValue(key, out var val);
+
             return val;
         }
 
@@ -930,7 +879,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
         {
             if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(input))
             {
-                return input;
+                return null;
             }
 
             return input.Split('(').FirstOrDefault();
@@ -1018,64 +967,64 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
         /// <returns>System.Nullable{System.Single}.</returns>
         private float? GetFrameRate(string value)
         {
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
             {
-                var parts = value.Split('/');
-
-                float result;
-
-                if (parts.Length == 2)
-                {
-                    result = float.Parse(parts[0], _usCulture) / float.Parse(parts[1], _usCulture);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    result = float.Parse(parts[0], _usCulture);
-                }
-
-                return float.IsNaN(result) ? (float?)null : result;
+                return null;
             }
 
-            return null;
+            var parts = value.Split('/');
+
+            float result;
+
+            if (parts.Length == 2)
+            {
+                result = float.Parse(parts[0], _usCulture) / float.Parse(parts[1], _usCulture);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result = float.Parse(parts[0], _usCulture);
+            }
+
+            return float.IsNaN(result) ? null : result;
         }
 
         private void SetAudioRuntimeTicks(InternalMediaInfoResult result, MediaInfo data)
         {
-            if (result.Streams != null)
+            // Get the first info stream
+            var stream = result.Streams?.FirstOrDefault(s => string.Equals(s.CodecType, "audio", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+            if (stream == null)
             {
-                // Get the first info stream
-                var stream = result.Streams.FirstOrDefault(s => string.Equals(s.CodecType, "audio", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+                return;
+            }
 
-                if (stream != null)
-                {
-                    // Get duration from stream properties
-                    var duration = stream.Duration;
+            // Get duration from stream properties
+            var duration = stream.Duration;
 
-                    // If it's not there go into format properties
-                    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(duration))
-                    {
-                        duration = result.Format.Duration;
-                    }
+            // If it's not there go into format properties
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(duration))
+            {
+                duration = result.Format.Duration;
+            }
 
-                    // If we got something, parse it
-                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(duration))
-                    {
-                        data.RunTimeTicks = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(double.Parse(duration, _usCulture)).Ticks;
-                    }
-                }
+            // If we got something, parse it
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(duration))
+            {
+                data.RunTimeTicks = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(double.Parse(duration, _usCulture)).Ticks;
             }
         }
 
         private int? GetBPSFromTags(MediaStreamInfo streamInfo)
         {
-            if (streamInfo != null && streamInfo.Tags != null)
+            if (streamInfo?.Tags == null)
             {
-                var bps = GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "BPS-eng") ?? GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "BPS");
-                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(bps)
-                    && int.TryParse(bps, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var parsedBps))
-                {
-                    return parsedBps;
-                }
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var bps = GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "BPS-eng") ?? GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "BPS");
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(bps)
+                && int.TryParse(bps, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var parsedBps))
+            {
+                return parsedBps;
             }
 
             return null;
@@ -1083,13 +1032,15 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
 
         private double? GetRuntimeSecondsFromTags(MediaStreamInfo streamInfo)
         {
-            if (streamInfo != null && streamInfo.Tags != null)
+            if (streamInfo?.Tags == null)
             {
-                var duration = GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "DURATION-eng") ?? GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "DURATION");
-                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(duration) && TimeSpan.TryParse(duration, out var parsedDuration))
-                {
-                    return parsedDuration.TotalSeconds;
-                }
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var duration = GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "DURATION-eng") ?? GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "DURATION");
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(duration) && TimeSpan.TryParse(duration, out var parsedDuration))
+            {
+                return parsedDuration.TotalSeconds;
             }
 
             return null;
@@ -1097,14 +1048,17 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
 
         private long? GetNumberOfBytesFromTags(MediaStreamInfo streamInfo)
         {
-            if (streamInfo != null && streamInfo.Tags != null)
+            if (streamInfo?.Tags == null)
             {
-                var numberOfBytes = GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "NUMBER_OF_BYTES-eng") ?? GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "NUMBER_OF_BYTES");
-                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(numberOfBytes)
-                    && long.TryParse(numberOfBytes, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var parsedBytes))
-                {
-                    return parsedBytes;
-                }
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var numberOfBytes = GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "NUMBER_OF_BYTES-eng")
+                                ?? GetDictionaryValue(streamInfo.Tags, "NUMBER_OF_BYTES");
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(numberOfBytes)
+                && long.TryParse(numberOfBytes, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var parsedBytes))
+            {
+                return parsedBytes;
             }
 
             return null;
@@ -1112,24 +1066,18 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
 
         private void SetSize(InternalMediaInfoResult data, MediaInfo info)
         {
-            if (data.Format != null)
+            if (data.Format == null)
             {
-                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(data.Format.Size))
-                {
-                    info.Size = long.Parse(data.Format.Size, _usCulture);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    info.Size = null;
-                }
+                return;
             }
+
+            info.Size = string.IsNullOrEmpty(data.Format.Size) ? null : long.Parse(data.Format.Size, _usCulture);
         }
 
-        private void SetAudioInfoFromTags(MediaInfo audio, Dictionary<string, string> tags)
+        private void SetAudioInfoFromTags(MediaInfo audio, IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> tags)
         {
             var people = new List<BaseItemPerson>();
-            var composer = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "composer");
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(composer))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("composer", out var composer) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(composer))
             {
                 foreach (var person in Split(composer, false))
                 {
@@ -1137,8 +1085,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                 }
             }
 
-            var conductor = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "conductor");
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(conductor))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("conductor", out var conductor) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(conductor))
             {
                 foreach (var person in Split(conductor, false))
                 {
@@ -1146,8 +1093,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                 }
             }
 
-            var lyricist = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "lyricist");
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(lyricist))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("lyricist", out var lyricist) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(lyricist))
             {
                 foreach (var person in Split(lyricist, false))
                 {
@@ -1156,8 +1102,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
             }
 
             // Check for writer some music is tagged that way as alternative to composer/lyricist
-            var writer = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "writer");
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(writer))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("writer", out var writer) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(writer))
             {
                 foreach (var person in Split(writer, false))
                 {
@@ -1167,38 +1112,23 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
 
             audio.People = people.ToArray();
 
-            var albumArtist = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "albumartist");
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(albumArtist))
-            {
-                albumArtist = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "album artist");
-            }
-
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(albumArtist))
-            {
-                albumArtist = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "album_artist");
-            }
-
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(albumArtist))
-            {
-                audio.AlbumArtists = Array.Empty<string>();
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                audio.AlbumArtists = SplitArtists(albumArtist, _nameDelimiters, true)
-                    .DistinctNames()
-                    .ToArray();
-            }
+            // Set album artist
+            var albumArtist = tags.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue("albumartist", "album artist", "album_artist");
+            audio.AlbumArtists = albumArtist != null
+                ? SplitDistinctArtists(albumArtist, _nameDelimiters, true).ToArray()
+                : Array.Empty<string>();
 
+            // Set album artist to artist if empty
             if (audio.AlbumArtists.Length == 0)
             {
                 audio.AlbumArtists = audio.Artists;
             }
 
             // Track number
-            audio.IndexNumber = GetDictionaryDiscValue(tags, "track");
+            audio.IndexNumber = GetDictionaryTrackOrDiscNumber(tags, "track");
 
             // Disc number
-            audio.ParentIndexNumber = GetDictionaryDiscValue(tags, "disc");
+            audio.ParentIndexNumber = GetDictionaryTrackOrDiscNumber(tags, "disc");
 
             // There's several values in tags may or may not be present
             FetchStudios(audio, tags, "organization");
@@ -1206,30 +1136,25 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
             FetchStudios(audio, tags, "publisher");
             FetchStudios(audio, tags, "label");
 
-            // These support mulitple values, but for now we only store the first.
-            var mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MusicBrainz Album Artist Id"))
-                ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMARTISTID"));
-
+            // These support multiple values, but for now we only store the first.
+            var mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MusicBrainz Album Artist Id"))
+                ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMARTISTID"));
             audio.SetProviderId(MetadataProvider.MusicBrainzAlbumArtist, mb);
 
-            mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MusicBrainz Artist Id"))
-                ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MUSICBRAINZ_ARTISTID"));
-
+            mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MusicBrainz Artist Id"))
+                ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MUSICBRAINZ_ARTISTID"));
             audio.SetProviderId(MetadataProvider.MusicBrainzArtist, mb);
 
-            mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MusicBrainz Album Id"))
-                ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMID"));
-
+            mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MusicBrainz Album Id"))
+                ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMID"));
             audio.SetProviderId(MetadataProvider.MusicBrainzAlbum, mb);
 
-            mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MusicBrainz Release Group Id"))
-                ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MUSICBRAINZ_RELEASEGROUPID"));
-
+            mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MusicBrainz Release Group Id"))
+                 ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MUSICBRAINZ_RELEASEGROUPID"));
             audio.SetProviderId(MetadataProvider.MusicBrainzReleaseGroup, mb);
 
-            mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MusicBrainz Release Track Id"))
-                ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "MUSICBRAINZ_RELEASETRACKID"));
-
+            mb = GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MusicBrainz Release Track Id"))
+                 ?? GetMultipleMusicBrainzId(tags.GetValueOrDefault("MUSICBRAINZ_RELEASETRACKID"));
             audio.SetProviderId(MetadataProvider.MusicBrainzTrack, mb);
         }
 
@@ -1253,18 +1178,18 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
         /// <returns>System.String[][].</returns>
         private IEnumerable<string> Split(string val, bool allowCommaDelimiter)
         {
-            // Only use the comma as a delimeter if there are no slashes or pipes.
+            // Only use the comma as a delimiter if there are no slashes or pipes.
             // We want to be careful not to split names that have commas in them
-            var delimeter = !allowCommaDelimiter || _nameDelimiters.Any(i => val.IndexOf(i, StringComparison.Ordinal) != -1) ?
+            var delimiter = !allowCommaDelimiter || _nameDelimiters.Any(i => val.IndexOf(i, StringComparison.Ordinal) != -1) ?
                 _nameDelimiters :
                 new[] { ',' };
 
-            return val.Split(delimeter, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)
+            return val.Split(delimiter, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)
                 .Where(i => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(i))
                 .Select(i => i.Trim());
         }
 
-        private IEnumerable<string> SplitArtists(string val, char[] delimiters, bool splitFeaturing)
+        private IEnumerable<string> SplitDistinctArtists(string val, char[] delimiters, bool splitFeaturing)
         {
             if (splitFeaturing)
             {
@@ -1290,7 +1215,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                 .Select(i => i.Trim());
 
             artistsFound.AddRange(artists);
-            return artistsFound;
+            return artistsFound.DistinctNames();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -1299,36 +1224,38 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
         /// <param name="info">The info.</param>
         /// <param name="tags">The tags.</param>
         /// <param name="tagName">Name of the tag.</param>
-        private void FetchStudios(MediaInfo info, Dictionary<string, string> tags, string tagName)
+        private void FetchStudios(MediaInfo info, IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> tags, string tagName)
         {
-            var val = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, tagName);
+            var val = tags.GetValueOrDefault(tagName);
 
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(val))
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(val))
             {
-                var studios = Split(val, true);
-                var studioList = new List<string>();
+                return;
+            }
 
-                foreach (var studio in studios)
+            var studios = Split(val, true);
+            var studioList = new List<string>();
+
+            foreach (var studio in studios)
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(studio))
                 {
-                    // Sometimes the artist name is listed here, account for that
-                    if (info.Artists.Contains(studio, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                    {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    if (info.AlbumArtists.Contains(studio, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                    {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    studioList.Add(studio);
+                    continue;
                 }
 
-                info.Studios = studioList
-                    .Where(i => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(i))
-                    .Distinct(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-                    .ToArray();
+                // Don't add artist/album artist name to studios, even if it's listed there
+                if (info.Artists.Contains(studio, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                    || info.AlbumArtists.Contains(studio, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                studioList.Add(studio);
             }
+
+            info.Studios = studioList
+                .Distinct(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                .ToArray();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -1336,58 +1263,55 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="info">The information.</param>
         /// <param name="tags">The tags.</param>
-        private void FetchGenres(MediaInfo info, Dictionary<string, string> tags)
+        private void FetchGenres(MediaInfo info, IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> tags)
         {
-            var val = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, "genre");
-
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(val))
+            var genreVal = tags.GetValueOrDefault("genre");
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(genreVal))
             {
-                var genres = new List<string>(info.Genres);
-                foreach (var genre in Split(val, true))
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var genres = new List<string>(info.Genres);
+            foreach (var genre in Split(genreVal, true))
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(genre))
                 {
-                    genres.Add(genre);
+                    continue;
                 }
 
-                info.Genres = genres
-                    .Where(i => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(i))
-                    .Distinct(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-                    .ToArray();
+                genres.Add(genre);
             }
+
+            info.Genres = genres
+                .Distinct(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                .ToArray();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Gets the disc number, which is sometimes can be in the form of '1', or '1/3'.
+        /// Gets the track or disc number, which can be in the form of '1', or '1/3'.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="tags">The tags.</param>
         /// <param name="tagName">Name of the tag.</param>
-        /// <returns>System.Nullable{System.Int32}.</returns>
-        private int? GetDictionaryDiscValue(Dictionary<string, string> tags, string tagName)
+        /// <returns>The track or disc number, or null, if missing or not parseable.</returns>
+        private static int? GetDictionaryTrackOrDiscNumber(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> tags, string tagName)
         {
-            var disc = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(tags, tagName);
+            var disc = tags.GetValueOrDefault(tagName);
 
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(disc))
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(disc) && int.TryParse(disc.Split('/')[0], out var discNum))
             {
-                disc = disc.Split('/')[0];
-
-                if (int.TryParse(disc, out var num))
-                {
-                    return num;
-                }
+                return discNum;
             }
 
             return null;
         }
 
-        private ChapterInfo GetChapterInfo(MediaChapter chapter)
+        private static ChapterInfo GetChapterInfo(MediaChapter chapter)
         {
             var info = new ChapterInfo();
 
-            if (chapter.Tags != null)
+            if (chapter.Tags != null && chapter.Tags.TryGetValue("title", out string name))
             {
-                if (chapter.Tags.TryGetValue("title", out string name))
-                {
-                    info.Name = name;
-                }
+                info.Name = name;
             }
 
             // Limit accuracy to milliseconds to match xml saving
@@ -1404,14 +1328,14 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
 
         private void FetchWtvInfo(MediaInfo video, InternalMediaInfoResult data)
         {
-            if (data.Format == null || data.Format.Tags == null)
+            var tags = data.Format?.Tags;
+
+            if (tags == null)
             {
                 return;
             }
 
-            var genres = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(data.Format.Tags, "WM/Genre");
-
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(genres))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("WM/Genre", out var genres) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(genres))
             {
                 var genreList = genres.Split(new[] { ';', '/', ',' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)
                     .Where(i => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(i))
@@ -1425,16 +1349,12 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                 }
             }
 
-            var officialRating = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(data.Format.Tags, "WM/ParentalRating");
-
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(officialRating))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("WM/ParentalRating", out var officialRating) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(officialRating))
             {
                 video.OfficialRating = officialRating;
             }
 
-            var people = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(data.Format.Tags, "WM/MediaCredits");
-
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(people))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("WM/MediaCredits", out var people) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(people))
             {
                 video.People = people.Split(new[] { ';', '/' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)
                     .Where(i => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(i))
@@ -1442,29 +1362,21 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                     .ToArray();
             }
 
-            var year = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(data.Format.Tags, "WM/OriginalReleaseTime");
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(year))
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("WM/OriginalReleaseTime", out var year) && int.TryParse(year, NumberStyles.Integer, _usCulture, out var parsedYear))
             {
-                if (int.TryParse(year, NumberStyles.Integer, _usCulture, out var val))
-                {
-                    video.ProductionYear = val;
-                }
+                video.ProductionYear = parsedYear;
             }
 
-            var premiereDateString = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(data.Format.Tags, "WM/MediaOriginalBroadcastDateTime");
-            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(premiereDateString))
+            // Credit to MCEBuddy: https://mcebuddy2x.codeplex.com/
+            // DateTime is reported along with timezone info (typically Z i.e. UTC hence assume None)
+            if (tags.TryGetValue("WM/MediaOriginalBroadcastDateTime", out var premiereDateString) && DateTime.TryParse(year, null, DateTimeStyles.None, out var parsedDate))
             {
-                // Credit to MCEBuddy: https://mcebuddy2x.codeplex.com/
-                // DateTime is reported along with timezone info (typically Z i.e. UTC hence assume None)
-                if (DateTime.TryParse(year, null, DateTimeStyles.None, out var val))
-                {
-                    video.PremiereDate = val.ToUniversalTime();
-                }
+                video.PremiereDate = parsedDate.ToUniversalTime();
             }
 
-            var description = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(data.Format.Tags, "WM/SubTitleDescription");
+            var description = tags.GetValueOrDefault("WM/SubTitleDescription");
 
-            var subTitle = FFProbeHelpers.GetDictionaryValue(data.Format.Tags, "WM/SubTitle");
+            var subTitle = tags.GetValueOrDefault("WM/SubTitle");
 
             // For below code, credit to MCEBuddy: https://mcebuddy2x.codeplex.com/
 
@@ -1475,49 +1387,48 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
             // e.g. -> CBeebies Bedtime Hour. The Mystery: Animated adventures of two friends who live on an island in the middle of the big city. Some of Abney and Teal's favourite objects are missing. [S]
             if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(subTitle)
                 && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(description)
-                && description.AsSpan().Slice(0, Math.Min(description.Length, MaxSubtitleDescriptionExtractionLength)).IndexOf(':') != -1) // Check within the Subtitle size limit, otherwise from description it can get too long creating an invalid filename
+                && description.AsSpan()[0..Math.Min(description.Length, MaxSubtitleDescriptionExtractionLength)].IndexOf(':') != -1) // Check within the Subtitle size limit, otherwise from description it can get too long creating an invalid filename
             {
-                string[] parts = description.Split(':');
-                if (parts.Length > 0)
+                string[] descriptionParts = description.Split(':');
+                if (descriptionParts.Length > 0)
                 {
-                    string subtitle = parts[0];
+                    string subtitle = descriptionParts[0];
                     try
                     {
-                        if (subtitle.Contains('/', StringComparison.Ordinal)) // It contains a episode number and season number
+                        // Check if it contains a episode number and season number
+                        if (subtitle.Contains('/', StringComparison.Ordinal))
                         {
-                            string[] numbers = subtitle.Split(' ');
-                            video.IndexNumber = int.Parse(numbers[0].Replace(".", string.Empty, StringComparison.Ordinal).Split('/')[0], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                            int totalEpisodesInSeason = int.Parse(numbers[0].Replace(".", string.Empty, StringComparison.Ordinal).Split('/')[1], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                            string[] subtitleParts = subtitle.Split(' ');
+                            string[] numbers = subtitleParts[0].Replace(".", string.Empty, StringComparison.Ordinal).Split('/');
+                            video.IndexNumber = int.Parse(numbers[0], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                            // int totalEpisodesInSeason = int.Parse(numbers[1], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
 
-                            description = string.Join(' ', numbers, 1, numbers.Length - 1).Trim(); // Skip the first, concatenate the rest, clean up spaces and save it
+                            // Skip the numbers, concatenate the rest, trim and set as new description
+                            description = string.Join(' ', subtitleParts, 1, subtitleParts.Length - 1).Trim();
+                        }
+                        else if (subtitle.Contains('.', StringComparison.Ordinal))
+                        {
+                            var subtitleParts = subtitle.Split('.');
+                            description = string.Join('.', subtitleParts, 1, subtitleParts.Length - 1).Trim();
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            // Switch to default parsing
-                            if (subtitle.Contains('.', StringComparison.Ordinal))
-                            {
-                                // skip the comment, keep the subtitle
-                                description = string.Join('.', subtitle.Split('.'), 1, subtitle.Split('.').Length - 1).Trim(); // skip the first
-                            }
-                            else
-                            {
-                                description = subtitle.Trim(); // Clean up whitespaces and save it
-                            }
+                            description = subtitle.Trim();
                         }
                     }
                     catch (Exception ex)
                     {
                         _logger.LogError(ex, "Error while parsing subtitle field");
 
-                        // Default parsing
+                        // Fallback to default parsing
                         if (subtitle.Contains('.', StringComparison.Ordinal))
                         {
-                            // skip the comment, keep the subtitle
-                            description = string.Join('.', subtitle.Split('.'), 1, subtitle.Split('.').Length - 1).Trim(); // skip the first
+                            var subtitleParts = subtitle.Split('.');
+                            description = string.Join('.', subtitleParts, 1, subtitleParts.Length - 1).Trim();
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            description = subtitle.Trim(); // Clean up whitespaces and save it
+                            description = subtitle.Trim();
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -1531,24 +1442,27 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
 
         private void ExtractTimestamp(MediaInfo video)
         {
-            if (video.VideoType == VideoType.VideoFile)
+            if (video.VideoType != VideoType.VideoFile)
             {
-                if (string.Equals(video.Container, "mpeg2ts", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
-                    string.Equals(video.Container, "m2ts", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
-                    string.Equals(video.Container, "ts", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    try
-                    {
-                        video.Timestamp = GetMpegTimestamp(video.Path);
+                return;
+            }
 
-                        _logger.LogDebug("Video has {Timestamp} timestamp", video.Timestamp);
-                    }
-                    catch (Exception ex)
-                    {
-                        _logger.LogError(ex, "Error extracting timestamp info from {Path}", video.Path);
-                        video.Timestamp = null;
-                    }
-                }
+            if (!string.Equals(video.Container, "mpeg2ts", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                && !string.Equals(video.Container, "m2ts", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                && !string.Equals(video.Container, "ts", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                video.Timestamp = GetMpegTimestamp(video.Path);
+                _logger.LogDebug("Video has {Timestamp} timestamp", video.Timestamp);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                video.Timestamp = null;
+                _logger.LogError(ex, "Error extracting timestamp info from {Path}", video.Path);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1567,17 +1481,17 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Probing
                 return TransportStreamTimestamp.None;
             }
 
-            if ((packetBuffer[4] == 71) && (packetBuffer[196] == 71))
+            if ((packetBuffer[4] != 71) || (packetBuffer[196] != 71))
             {
-                if ((packetBuffer[0] == 0) && (packetBuffer[1] == 0) && (packetBuffer[2] == 0) && (packetBuffer[3] == 0))
-                {
-                    return TransportStreamTimestamp.Zero;
-                }
-
-                return TransportStreamTimestamp.Valid;
+                return TransportStreamTimestamp.None;
             }
 
-            return TransportStreamTimestamp.None;
+            if ((packetBuffer[0] == 0) && (packetBuffer[1] == 0) && (packetBuffer[2] == 0) && (packetBuffer[3] == 0))
+            {
+                return TransportStreamTimestamp.Zero;
+            }
+
+            return TransportStreamTimestamp.Valid;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Jellyfin.Extensions/DictionaryExtensions.cs b/src/Jellyfin.Extensions/DictionaryExtensions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43ed41ab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Jellyfin.Extensions/DictionaryExtensions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Extensions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Static extensions for the <see cref="IReadOnlyDictionary{TKey,TValue}"/> interface.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class DictionaryExtensions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a string from a string dictionary, checking all keys sequentially,
+        /// stopping at the first key that returns a result that's neither null nor blank.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dictionary">The dictionary.</param>
+        /// <param name="key1">The first checked key.</param>
+        /// <returns>System.String.</returns>
+        public static string? GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue(this IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> dictionary, string key1)
+        {
+            return dictionary.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue(key1, string.Empty, string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a string from a string dictionary, checking all keys sequentially,
+        /// stopping at the first key that returns a result that's neither null nor blank.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dictionary">The dictionary.</param>
+        /// <param name="key1">The first checked key.</param>
+        /// <param name="key2">The second checked key.</param>
+        /// <returns>System.String.</returns>
+        public static string? GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue(this IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> dictionary, string key1, string key2)
+        {
+            return dictionary.GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue(key1, key2, string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a string from a string dictionary, checking all keys sequentially,
+        /// stopping at the first key that returns a result that's neither null nor blank.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dictionary">The dictionary.</param>
+        /// <param name="key1">The first checked key.</param>
+        /// <param name="key2">The second checked key.</param>
+        /// <param name="key3">The third checked key.</param>
+        /// <returns>System.String.</returns>
+        public static string? GetFirstNotNullNorWhiteSpaceValue(this IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> dictionary, string key1, string key2, string key3)
+        {
+            if (dictionary.TryGetValue(key1, out var val) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(val))
+            {
+                return val;
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(key2) && dictionary.TryGetValue(key2, out val) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(val))
+            {
+                return val;
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(key3) && dictionary.TryGetValue(key3, out val) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(val))
+            {
+                return val;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}